Process Design and Management Essay Example for Free

accomplish Design and Management EssayIncreased co- fruition of goods and run (Process Design and Management) The cyberspace has opened new ways for the guest to interact straight off with a firm. Simple direct entry and monitoring of orders is unless the scratch step in the progression of value-added obtain make possible through teaching sharing. 1. 0 Introduction The topic of execute concept and caution ordain gener all in ally goes on explaining the word design, in its broadest sense, is right(a) at the feel of operations solicitude. The design is an application that grass be approached at distinguishable levels of detail. Design must consult the needs of customers, and able applies to products, helpers and mouldes. It bath be managed as an operations transformation carry out in its deliver right. Moreover, the design is starts with something precise abstract which represents a concept and demolitions with something very specific, which means by t he number oneest design. Some defines that to design is to conceive the looks, ar trampment, and workings of something before it is created. First, the position of the surgical operation according to its volume and renewing characteristics must be defined.Eventually the details of the process must be examine to ensure that it fulfills its objectives effectively. Product/service design and process design argon interrelated. Small changes in the design of products and services muckle have profound implications for the way the operation nonethelesstually has to produce them. Similarly, the design of a process back tooth constrain the freedom of product and service designers to race as they would wish. The relationship amid designing products and services on wholeness hand and designing the processes that declargon them is an important point to consider.It is possible to separate product design and process design in manufacturing sector, however it is impossible in serve to separate service design and process design. This is beca hire many services (especially gamey visibility services) argon the same thing. Even in manufacturing industries there has recently been considerable move put into examining the overlap amidst product and process design. there is a growing recognition that the design of products has a major effect on the cost of making them. many an(prenominal) of the decisions were fulfilln during the design of products (for example, choosing the material from which the roduct is press release to be made, or the way in which the discordant components be fastened together) pass on all define much of the cost of making it. , thitherfore, to evaluate the various choices which the designer faces in terms of their effect on manufacturing cost as easy as on the functionality of the product itself. Also, the way in which product and process design overall has a meaning(a) effect on the clock time amid starting the initial concept desig n for the product and eventually acquire it to mart. 2. 0Discussion 2. 1Inter pelf Contributed in Online Purchase ProcessWith the advancement of engine room, many aspects of the face-to-face inter person-to-person dynamics in service encounters between sellers and customers have been replaced with technology-establish profits interfaces. Internet tail end be regarded as sets of connected firms. A retail merchant can rehearse an Internet presence to reach consumers all around the world. The Internet makes the expanded range of products, services, and cultivation accessible for consumers from geographically distant and/or emerging markets. In recent years, e-commerce has grown dramatically in terms of volume and variety of goods and services traded.This has created significant opportunities to serve customers through meshwork stores. It is important for net stores to pore on achieving uplifteder customer satisfaction to ontogenesis co-production of goods and services and t o retain customers. correspond to Field and Smith, internet interaction between a retailer and a customer from the point the customer arrives at the retailers website to the point the retailer fulfills the customers order, has quickly emerged to plump an important class of service operations (Field et al. , 2004 Smith et al. , 2007).Co-production of goods and services in internet is growing steadily. For example, in the terce quarter of 2009, internet retailing sales in the U. S totaled approximately $34 billion, a 4. 5% growth from the previous quarter. The pure tone of the internet on the purchase process has been found to affect customers purchase decisions, satisfaction, and loyalty in online retailing (Zeithaml et al. , 2002 Wolfinbarger and Gilly, 2009). Hence, to be warring in the market place, internet is the overriding and as the new ways for the customer to interact forthwith with a firm.Besides that, the internet is responsive and convenient for customers in the o nline purchase process. by internet, the firms macrocosm able respond to the unique needs and wants of individual customers by providing the right content in the right format to the right person at the right time. Retailers can facilitate a convenient and responsive online purchase process, serve their customers better, purify customer satisfaction and increase retention. Customer satisfaction is the ultimate moderate of meeting a consumers expectation from the writ of execution of products. roughly satisfied customers normally have the intention to re-purchase the products if product surgical procedure meets his or her expectation. Like handed-down commercial enterprise, online businesses to a fault need to gather their customers. Customer satisfaction is one of the central constructs in the mull of consumer behavior both in traditional and online business milieu (Alam et al. , 2008) found that website design is one of the unique features affecting online shopping envir onment (Shergill and Chen. , 2005) identified web site design characteristics as the dominant cipher which baffles consumer perceptions of online purchasing.It can be argued that online shoppers want to receive the right bore and right quantity of items that they have ordered within the stipulated time offering by the e-tailers. In addition, time and cost saving are the main wagess of online shopping. Time efficiency and store efficiency are reflected in time cost and price savings severally (Devaraj et al. , 2002). These are the determinants of satisfaction. Delivery performance has significant influence on customer satisfaction (Lee and Joshi et al. , 2007 Ahn et al. , 2004 Ho et al. 2004) Grewal et al. , 2004 and Shih et al. , 2004). One of the examples of online firm that successfully increase their co-production of goods and services via internet is Amazon.In an annual bring introduce customer satisfaction ratings with the top 10 online retailers, perhaps the biggest ta keaway is that Amazon is the worlds biggest e-retailer for a rationalness that it just plain makes customers happier than their competitors (show by Table 1 below). Amazon continues to set the standard for e-retailers. For instance, upon arrival at the Amazon. om website, a registered customer is greeted by the customers name. The customer is then provided with recommendations of products that the customer might be interested in, based on the product searched for or those previously bought by the customer. The website provides the option of receiving reminders of special events comparable birthdays of loved ones or tuition or so the arrival of the latest books by their preferred author. When the customer is ready to make the purchase, the website retrieves the personal account cultivation such(prenominal)(prenominal) as shipping and payment.In the early on compass points of Internet development, trust is a critical factor in stimulating purchases over the Internet. Trust is not only a short-term issue but the most significant broad-term barrier for realizing the potential of Internet marketing to consumers. An experiential survey of U. S. -based online surfers, new to Internet based shopping, found the shoppers fascinated by international shopping opportunities on the weather vane, but they were skeptical somewhat actual purchasing from overseas sites. Others report widespread distrust among consumers about Internet-based merchants.To improve customer loyalty, some websites offer discussion groups in their websites and promote common interest to pull targeted customers. When the website contains semiprecious information about the product then the customer would be do to visit the website again. Just equivalent any new(prenominal)(a)wise medium of business, internet business should also focus on making their customers feel special. In any business, customer loyalty is a result of exceptional personal services and exceeding customer expectation s. 2. 2Internet Strive to Born Global FirmsMore and more firms even very small ones have operations that bridge national borders soon after their founding. referable to the Internet and related information technologies (IT) that enable many of them, this new breed of firms began emerging in the 1990s and is dubbed born(p)- ball-shaped because their operations often span the globe early in their existence. The definition of born global firm is a business geological formation that, from inception, seeks to derive significant competitive advantage from the use of picks and the sale of outputs in multiple countries.Born global firms begin with a borderless world grab, and immediately develop strategies to expand themselves abroad. This is striking, presentn the great changes that have taken place in the marketing environment cod to introduction of the Internet and new(prenominal) modern technologies that enable bypassing of conventional channels (Frazier et al. , 1999). It ther efore seems justifiable to study the Internet-based channel strategies of born globals (Moen et al. , 2002). It is particularly interesting to examine the global elaboration of the born globals and their use of the Internet as a sales channel (Servais, Madsen, amp Rasmussen, 2007).A a few(prenominal) studies have investigated the part of information and communications technologies in the international performance of born global firms. Loane (2006) examined the role of the internet in the internationalization of small entrepreneurial firms from various countries (Loane, 2006). Born globals use the internet for communication, for marketing communications, and to lesser degree for managing customer relationships as well as sales transactions and fulfillment activities. Most of the investigated firms also se the internet to concentrate off-line sales, and about one-quarter utilize the internet to support distribution channels and intermediaries. A significant number of firms used th e internet to support relations with partners, suppliers, clients, agents and distributors, RampD partners, and bundle coding developers, both nationally and internationally. The born globals also used the Internet as a mechanism for acquiring knowledge, such as market and competitive intelligence, which then become part of the collective wisdom of the firm.The internet makes borders between countries less applicable and facilitates direct interaction between all types of business entities around the world. Born globals use the internet to convey their market presence abroad, support relationships with foreign partners, offer services related to their products, facilitate product development, and maintain relations with foreign customers (Servais, Madsen, and Rasmussen et al. , 2007). Logitech, the computer peripherals company, is perhaps one of the best early examples of a successful born-global firm. fit in to Benjamin M.Oviatt and Patricia Phillips McDougall, Global Start-Ups Entrepreneurs on a Worldwide Stage. Focusing first on the PC mouse, the company was founded by two Italians and a Swiss. The companys operations and research and development were initially split between California and Switzerland, and then it expanded rapidly with production in Ireland and Taiwan. With its stylish and ergonomic products, Logitech captured 30 percent of the global computer mouse business by 1989, garnering the start-up a healthy $140 million in receiptss. 2. 3 . Value and Productivity in the Internet EconomyNowadays, many business companies had started practiced in using internet to make interaction with consumer, business stack, corporate, and trading partners. The product and service designs and the vigilance athletics an important role in their profitability and their company sustainability. The company had created the website as haphazard compilations of company brochure ware or static personal web pages as well. These things had come out it with the images that substance abusers that regiond with friends and family. It has quickly evolved into a myriad of highly sophisticated online pplications and business processes.On the other hand, the antecedent thinking company had introduced to attain new heights in productivity and the forward thinking companies could created by leveraging the internet massive public technology infrastructure. To increase the co- production of goods and services, the innovation and awareness of using internet are important to create value through the technologies component. Other than that, the human capitals are also important in operation of the business and managing the design in the company.Therefore, the employers must to be selective in recruiting, and hiring people, whomever that he or she are able to give their efforts into the line of descents or task. The value added service could be made by proposing the internet way user whereby the customer can interact directly to the company to improve and prove their quality service and product through fulfil the customer needs and satisfaction. All of these elements are need depends on the capability of the human choice which in not only posses the technologies equipment.The company have to construct the internet economys structure by referred the economics performance in traditional, among other things, technology, the transportation infrastructure, availability of raw materials, and the quality of a skilled labor force. In contrast, the Internet economy comprises the four-layered model shown in Figure 1. The Internets infrastructure consists of two layers which are including the global high-speed IP-based net deeds and applications, and consulting, information, and integration services.Each Internet economy layer has a complementary relationship with every(prenominal) other layer. For example, with advances in layers 1 and 2, ? rms at layers 3 and 4 can provide media-rich content to consumers as well as offering new digital pr oducts and services Besides that, complementary relationship implies that the value of doing more of one factor increases by doing more of another. Internet applications and e-commerce are strong complementary relationship between the network infrastructures in the Internet economy.For example, as the Internet bandwidth increases dramatically with the spread of broadband technology, application vendors are rushing to develop powerful multimedia software that can take advantage of the increased bandwidth. These factors lead to increased economic activity on the Internet in the form of media-rich content. The Internet had open the nature stimulates innovation in the network and applications infrastructure, leading to the vastly accelerated development and deployment of new technologies in the Internet marketplace.Figure 2 shows an import/export view of the Internet and physical economies that groups businesses in ? ve categories 1st pure digital-products businesses that offer conten t, knowledge, or services directly over the Internet. 2nd Internet-based companies that deal with physical products, importing goods to be sold from the physical economy. 3rd Traditional businesses that sell some of their products or services directly over the Internet. 4th content developers, Internet service providers, Web and applications hosting services. 5th companies that do not sell directly over the Internet.Unlike the physical economy, which relies heavily on physical resources, the Internet economy thrives on information and knowledge to create value, productivity, and efficiency. Firms that rely on these intangible assets are more likely to succeed in this new world than those that continue to focus on physical processes. The Webs information and knowledge intensity is a crucial factor in driving performance metrics like online revenue and gross margin, and every partner in a value Web must adopt the Internet in its daily operations to maximize the bene? s of electronic business. There were few examples for these phenomena that might be able to be the related with it. One of the example is car assembly lines, which had ? rst appeared in the dictionary in 1930 (Hirschhorn, 1984 9), were argued to be the keystone to prevailing 20th century concepts of human management (Emery, 1976). It is thus hardly surprising that industrial value production was conceptualized in terms of the value chain. The taxation dust developed at that time re? cts this. In industrial value creation, customers were seen as destroying the value which producers had created for them. On the other hand, the accounting systems emerging at that time thus wrote down the value of what was acquired to zero over a shorter or longer depreciation period. The end user in this scheme equals the ? nal customer. For producers, industrial value was cognise in the transaction, which joined and separated them from customers.Value here equalled the price which the customer paid in competitive terms, value is the amount buyers are uncoerced to pay for what a ? rm provides them (Porter, 1985 38) or, value is what customers are willing to pay (Porter, 1985 3). 2. 4 The Impact Of Design Management And Process Management On Quality An Empirical Investigation. Design management and process management are two important elements of total quality management TQM instruction execution. They are drastically different in their targets of improvement, visibility, and techniques.In this paper will round the establishment of framework for identifying the synergistic linkages of design and process management to the operational quality outcomes during the manufacturing process internal quality and upon the field usage of the products external quality. Through a study of quality practices in manufacturing plants from multiple industries, the both design and process management efforts have an equal positive impact on internal quality outcomes such as scrap, rework, defects, performance, and external quality outcomes such as complaints, warranty, litigation, market share.A detailed contingency analysis shows that the proposed model of synergies between design and process management holds true for large and small firms, for firms with different levels of TQM experience, and in different industries with varying levels of competition, logistical complexness of production, or production process characteristics. Finally, the results also suggest that organisational learning enables mature TQM firms to implement both design and process efforts more rigorously and their synergy helps these firms to attain better quality outcomes.These findings indicate that, to attain superior quality outcomes, firms need to balance their design and process management efforts and persevere with long-term carrying out of these efforts. The manufacturing scheme literature has viewed product quality as one of the major competitive priorities for attaining a sustainable competitive advantage Hill, 1994. Recently, the speed of new product introduction has also been added to this list of priorities Kim, 1996 . From a quality management perspective, the speed of new product design and development indicates the grandness of designing quality into new products.Because design efforts often have a limiting impact on attainable product quality, several researchers have evince the importance of designing quality into products Juran, 1981 Juran and Gryna, 1993 Hauser and Clausing, 1988 Dean and Susman, 1989 Taguchi and Clausing, 1990 Boothroyd et al. , 1994 Mizuno and Akao,1994 . External and internal quality outcomes the notion that overall market and business performance can be realized through long-term product quality improvement is a cornerstone of the contemporary quality revolution George and Weimerskirch, 1994 NIST, 1998.Customers form their impressions about a firms products based upon their accredited and past experience with these products Garvin,1987. A satisfactor y field performance of the products is accompanied by lower customer dissatisfaction, greater customer loyalty, and improved market share Crosby, 1979 Buzzell and Gale, 1987 Hardie,1998 . We label this aspect of quality outcome as external quality because it is related to the customers perspective of the products upon field usage. It captures Jurans fitness for use dimension of product quality Juran, 1981 Juran and Gryna, 1993 .Specifically, we focus our guardianship on four long-term indicators of external quality warranty work, litigation claims, customer complaints, and market share. The quality of products passing internal tests of reliability should affect the experience of customers who use the products in two prominent ways. First, customers perceive product quality in terms of their net value defined as the ratio of performance to cost Artzt, 1992. Thus, for products with the same performance levels, lower price will drive customer choice and satisfaction.Second, customers willing to spend a certain amount of money will choose the products that offer maximum performance for that money. 2. 5Internet as tool to enhance global strategy Its cant be deny that the internet plays a major role in every aspect of our modern life. Moreover, Internet technologies play a major role in business. The internet has contributed to the success and gain of businesses. This journal word is emphasizing on Internet are used to enhance global strategy. Internet is a driver of globalization.Observing the more successful applications, commentators and researchers have suggested a number of industry characteristics which promote Internet use (Andal-Ancion et al. ,2003) digitizability of the end product (e. g. , most information-based products such as directories and encyclopedias), time sensitivity of the end product (e. g. , airline travel), high search costs (e. g. , books), potential for customization (e. g. , clothing retailers), deficient matching of buyers and sellers (e. g. , business- to-business exchanges and consumer-to-consumer auction sites), and a tradeoff between richness and reach (e. . , retail brokerage, Evans and Wurster, 1999). First at all, the internet makes communication fast and cost efficient. Businesses use internet technologies such as Skype internet and video calls, email and video conferencing to make communication virtually instant. Next, the internet plays a big role in the growth of businesses. It gives businesses an opportunity to reach a wider global audience. Promoting through the internet is also a way to increase sales and reach the desired growth level. Business can also expand by having an online division.The effect of this decentralization of transactions and information transfer raises major questions about the role of bodies which would have traditionally had functions of control, such as governments and regulatory institutions. In terms of transferring, accessing information, companies are now much less depend ent on local infrastructures. In the aspect of marketing, Internet was playing important role in advertising. Most businesses are taking advantage of the internet to market their products and services to a global audience. The most leading light internet technologies here include search engines such as Google.Social networking websites play a role in business networking by connecting like-minded professionals. Through the internet, people have found business partners and great employees. Moreover, the internet has helped cut costs by outsourcing services to countries where it is cheaper to provide these services. Apart from that, outsourcing enables businesses to concentrate on their heart services and become more efficient. One role of internet in business is the birth of ecommerce websites and online payment resolvents that allow people to shop online from the comfort of their own homes.Furthermore, the internet has opened up new business opportunities and giving rise to a group of successful online business owners. This is a powerful role as anyone can now start an online business. Cost and speed advantages are also substantial. The Internet is a much less expensive way to send information, and this information can be received in real time anywhere in the world. For global businesses this has massive implications for the possible scale and scope of operations and redefines the traditional trade-off between richness and reach, allowing both to be achieved for relatively little cost.Internet also brings effects on global products and services. Global products and services are seldom totally standardized worldwide, but they are designed with global markets in mind, and they have as large a common core as possible. Some industries and categories, such as personal computers and air travel, allow the potential for a very large common core, while others, such as furniture and legal services, allow for less commonality. Deciding on the extent of global standardi zation poses a major dilemma for MNCs.Use of the Internet and websites eases this dilemma by making it easier to offer an array of global, regional, or local products, and local customization options for standard core products. While the same can be done through traditional media (brochures or sales calls), but the Web provides more options and the interactivity of the Internet provides for customization by the customer. This can seen from dingle Computers ordering system. As the lesson 4 in this article has mentioned the use of the Internet enables both globally standardized and locally customized products and services.Companies can now use the Internet to lessen the globalization tradeoffs they have had to make in regard to products and services. Now, let have a seen on co-production, which means delivering public services in an equal and reciprocal relationship between professionals, people using services, their families and their neighbours. Where activities are co-produced in this way, both services and neighbourhoods become far more effective agents of change (David B amp Michael H. ) the co-production has a significantly role in the process design and management. As theInternet has designed to interrelated the product and service jointly to the customer. For instance, dell Computer has promoted Dell Online Self release to the customer as it is a comprehensive part dispatch program designed to support efficient hardware resolution. Dell also declared the Dell Online Self Dispatch (DOSD) as one global portal for efficient hardware resolution. The customers can access the Website through Internet to had the hardware support from Dell by self-service. 3. 0 Conclusion In summary, product/service design and process design are interrelated.Small changes in the design of products and services can be profound implications for the way the operation eventually has to produce them. The process design and management is right at the heart of operations management. The design is an activity of approaching at different levels of detail and it must be reflecting the needs of customers, and able applies to products, services and processes. The design is starts with something very abstract which represents a concept and ends with something very specific, which means by the final design.The company must follow the processes designs according to its volume and variety characteristics. Eventually the details of the process must be analyzed to ensure that it fulfills its objectives effectively. The proposed model of synergies between design and process management holds true for large and small firms, for firms with different levels of TQM experience, and in different industries with varying levels of competition, logistical complexity of production, or production process characteristics.Finally, the results also suggest that organizational learning enables mature TQM firms to implement both design and process efforts more rigorously and the synergies between design and process management help these firms to attain better quality outcomes. Q5. Raising ranking(prenominal) management awareness of operations as a significant competitive weapon (Job Design and Performance Management). 1. 0 Introduction Many senior executives entered the organization through finance, trategy, or marketing and built their reputations on work in these areas, and as a result often take operations for granted. The executives have creatively used operations management for competitive advantage. Raising senior management awareness of operation as a significant competitive weapon refers to the job design of the senior management and the performance of the management. Theoretically, workersaremotivatedbyjobsinwhichtheyfeeltheycanmake adifferencein their performance and the way thetasksgive arecombinedtofor completejobs. legislatejobdescriptionswill motivateworkforceandbe successfulin completionoftasks. It also important to have both of the employer and empl oyee needed to share discernment of the work to be done with it and comfort with working environment. The employee and employer also need to face the challenges associated with employing a large of people in a wide variety of people in a wide of capacities. Most of the employee is assigned to do a job because they are perceived to be able to fill its requirements. Manytasksdepending on ability time allotment and other constraints.The role of HR in the present scenario has undergone a sea change and its focus is on evolving such functional strategies which enable successful implementation of the major corporate strategies. In a way, HR and corporate strategies function in alignment. Today, HR works towards facilitating and astir(p) the performance of the employees by building a conducive work environment and providing maximum opportunities to the employees for participating in organizational planning and decision making process. Today, all the major activities of HR are driven towa rds development of high performance leaders and fostering employee motivation.So, it can be interpreted that the role of HR has evolved from merely an appraiser to a facilitator and an enabler. Performance management is the current buzzword and is the need in the current times of cut throat competition and the organizational mesh for leadership. Performance management is a much broader and a complicated function of HR, as it encompasses activities such as joint goal saddle horse, never-ending progress review and frequent communication, feedback and coaching for improved performance, implementation of employee development programmes nd rewarding acquisitions. The process of performance management starts with the joining of a new incumbent in a system and ends when an employee quits the organization. Performance management can be regarded as a systematic process by which the overall performance of an organization can be improved by improving the performance of individuals within a team framework. It is a means for promoting superior performance by communicating expectations, defining roles within a required competence framework and establishing achievable benchmarks.Aperformance management processsets the platform for rewarding worthiness by aline individual employee accomplishments with the organizations mission and objectives and making the employee and the organization reckon the importance of a specific job in realizing outcomes. By establishing illume performance expectations which includes results, actions and behaviours, it helps the employees in accord what exactly is expected out of their jobs and setting of standards help in eliminating those jobs which are of no use any longer.Through standard feedback and coaching, it provides an advantage of diagnosing the problems at an early stage and taking corrective actions. To conclude, performance management can be regarded as a proactive system of managing employee performance for driving the indiv iduals and the organizations towards desired performance and results. Its about striking a harmonious alignment between individual and organizational objectives for accomplishment of excellence in performance. 2. 0 Discussion 2. 1 JOURNAL THE EFFECT OF MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT TO SERVICE ON EMPLOYEE SERVICE BEHAVIORS THE MEDIATING ROLE OF JOB SATISFACTION consult on the journal the proposed model in the Tai hotel work setting indicates that management service initiatives, particularly training, rewards, and dominance deliver a strong pith to employees that the management is devoted to quality service, ultimately creating the positive affect (i. e. , employee satisfaction). Furthermore, the result showed that when employees are satisfied with their job, this positive feeling about their job motivates them to go the scanty mile for customers and help co-workers and supervisors in need.Currently, not all hotel operators in Thailand favour the four management service initiatives becau se those options can be costly. However, it seems to be clear that management should consider allocating more resources to implement such initiatives. Among the four management service initiatives, rewards displayed the largest effect on Thai hotel workers job satisfaction, with the largest path coefficient. In general, two kinds of rewards are available financial and nonfinancial rewards. Rewards also range from a simple thank-you note for an exceptional service to a large reward such as wage increase and promotion.Rewards given to employees, regardless of the type, must be meaningful to the employees and the organization. In other words, rewards should be based on employees job performance and reflect the organizations goal and service standard. Most rewards in the Asiatic culture, including Thailand, are in monetary form. However, because of the growing influence of the western sandwich style of management, rewards in the form of recognition, such as being selected as employees of the month (or the year) with a certificate, are getting popular in Thailand.This kind of recognition can increase employees morale and make workers feel that they are appreciated and valued as a member of the organization, leading to job satisfaction and organizational loyalty. Panmunin (1993) reports that Thai hotel employees bring from low self-esteem because the Thai caste system disparages servants as low caste individuals. The result of the present study seems to emphasize the importance of appropriate rewards for Thai frontline hotel workers, who may be often neglected and unappreciated in the caste system (high-power-distance culture), to improve their work morale.Next, this study demonstrates that training cannot be overlooked to satisfy hotel workers. Through training, Thai employees master the basic skills necessary to perform the daily duties of the position and develop job competence. In addition to the basic skills, more Thai hotels are offering training such as dea ling with guests complaints. It is a new type of training that originates from the Western hotel companies. Typically, when Thai employees encounter disgruntled or difficult guests, they have supervisors or mangers handle the situation.This new training program broadens frontline employees responsibilities and teaches proper techniques to resolve conflicts and deal with problems immediately to build customer satisfaction. The result of this study seems to suggest that Thai hotel power are satisfied with this new, additional training. Third, this study implies that empowered Thai employees are satisfied and exert more positive service behaviours. This result contradicts the proposed hypothesis.Despite the vertical culture, more and more hotel organizations in Thailand are embracing the concept of empowerment by allowing frontline personnel to make more decisions to take care of in-house guests. Although empowerment is a relatively new concept for hotels in Thailand, the result indic ates that line employees are quickly adopting such a work practice and are happy about it. In general, frontline employees are much younger than managers in Thai hotels. The young generation has been more exposed to the global influence of U. S. culture. Thus, young Thai hotel employees may regard a Western management practice such as empowerment highly.We also speculate that the positive empowerment outcome is attributed to the new additional training and the Western style of rewards. Research has shown that empowerment often involves training and rewards to be more effective. Another possible history regarding the positive effect of empowerment is the growing size of tourism. Thailand is one of the popular travel destinations in the world, and hotels are receiving large numbers of international customers. In Western countries, it is common to see frontline employees empowered to meet the guests needs immediately.Travelers, particularly from the United States and Europe may be acc ustomed to such a level of customer focus and expect Thai hotels to offer a comparable level of service. The management in Thailand is becoming aware of the phenomenon and therefore expending more effort to make use of empowerment to please international hotel guests. Finally, there is no significant effect of organizational support on hotel employees job satisfaction. In this study, organizational support focuses on help offered to frontline workers when necessary, appropriate job design, and support for frontline employees goals and values.This insignificant result may be partly associated with the high power distance between supervisors and subordinates. In the Thai hotel organization, managers are more likely to be valued and respected than frontline personnel, and Thai managers with authoritative leaderships are least likely to place a high priority on the well-being of frontline employees and assisting in their job. Although the organizational culture is ever-changing slowly, and large Thai hotel companies are adopting Western management styles, it takes a long time for employee perceptions to change.Thai frontline personnel are more likely to recognize strong organizational support (i. e. , they feel they receive enough help at work, their job is designed to be rewarding, and their goals and values are as important as managers goals and values) in the future. In the conclusion of organizational behaviour, service quality initiatives such as rewards, empowerment, training, and organizational support have been a revolving theme tied with employee satisfaction and performance. This study presents how these initiatives work in a culturally different setting such as Thailand.The results of this study indicate that the service quality initiatives, which mostly originate from the U. S. or Western (horizontal) culture, are worthy of trial in Asian hotels (with a vertical culture) because such initiatives may help improve frontline employees morale and self-este em and ultimately increase the overall effectiveness of the hotel operation. In summary, hoteliers should continue to increase decentralization of authority, develop attractive compensation, and improve frontline workers knowledge and skills through ongoing training.Then, all these efforts are likely to pay off by yielding happier, commit staff members who care about guests and other co-workers. 2. 2 ARTICLE JOURNAL SHAKING UP INTELS INSIDES Performance-based, standardized job descriptions provide employees with clear and attainable job duties and responsibilities as well as the resources needed to accomplish them (Mahdieh,2013). We work with employees to explain the tools and their importance to achievement of the organizations mission and goals a critical factor in retaining valuable staff and preventing costly burnout.Employees are an organizations most valuable resources. Companies spend considerable amounts of money and time developing and livelihood their human resources. A critical component of this development and support is employee performance management. An employees performance is a measure of the ways in which their work-related behavior contributes to achievement of the organizations business objectives. In this article, they have problem in new employee, employees are now on stage when theyre meeting with customers and off stage when theyre in a back office handling paperwork.And he implemented an exhaustive playbook that has scripts for everything down to the language with which tellers are supposed to greet customers. Still, at one Boston branch McGee visited, Paul J. Hillson, a consumer marketing manager, concedes that he encountered initial resistance from some FleetBoston tellers What you hear is, But I already know that customer. McGee agrees that changing employee behavior is still a work in progress. . Managing this performance is the key to producing high achieving and reliable human resources.Performance management is a process by w hich managers and employees work together to plan, monitor and review an employees work objectives and overall contribution to the organization(Memoona,2013). More than just an annual performance review, performance management is the continuous process of setting objectives, assessing progress and providing on-going coaching and feedback to ensure that employees are meeting their objectives and career goals.In this case we can see analysts said, has been the efforts of McGee and his team to overhaul Fleets branches, from products to training to culture. To lure new customers, BofA dangled free checking and free online bill-paying, a service for which many New England banks still charged. And while the old FleetBoston simply gave customers the 800 number for an outside mortgage lender, BofA has outfitted roughly two-thirds of Fleet branches with special software that approves or rejects a customers application for a mortgage or home-equity loans within 30 minutes.As a conclusion, thi s is in line with results in the emotions and justice literature that negative appraisals are influential drivers of employee behaviours and attitudes (Brown et al. ,2011). Performance appraisals are a basis component of human resource management, the outcomes of appraisals are used as the foundation of many human recourse decisions. While organizations devote considerable resources and time into performance appraisal this collected study has demonstrated that the quality of the employee performance appraisal experience are different.There are employees with low quality performance appraisal experiences while at the other end of the scale, there are some employees who state high quality experiences of the performance appraisal process. Moreover, this research demonstrates that organizations pay a price for letting low quality performance appraisal experiences, when employees have low quality performance appraisal experiences the organization will likely to bring a penalty in forms o f lower job satisfaction and higher intentions to quit. 2. 3 ARTICLE BOFAS HAPPY SURPRISEIn this world of competition as organizations effort to remain competitive and sustainable, human resources professionals and strategic planners should collaborate strongly in designing strategies which are more productive and useful (Dazel. 2103). Among these functions, one of the most critical ones that bring global success is performance appraisal . It is more considerable than other processes because its results show the success of the awareness of the other areas in the field of Human Resources and other personnel activities.In the other perspective, assumptions of corporate management show that performance appraisal makes people to be really engaged in the business of the organization. In this situation, the article shows hes making it clear to employees that, under his leadership, Intel truly are entering a new era. Otellini, who officially takes the helm on May 18, will be the first chie f executive without an engineering degree at a company where gear heads have reigned supreme. He believes that to keep Intel growing, every idea and technical solution should be focused on meeting customers needs from the outset.So rather than relying on its engineering prowess, Intels reorganization will bring together engineers, software writers, and marketers into quintuple market-focused units corporate computing, the digital home, mobile computing, health care, and channel products PCs for small manufacturers. The development of an organisational culture indicator followed a review of the organisational culture literature, in which particular attention was given to the instruments that have been most commonly used in its measurement (Michael, 2013).In this article, we can see that the new regime will cause a jolt to the culture. For decades, employees have been compensated for their own work. Now teams will be judged as a whole. Engineers, long the top dogs, may resist working with others. Its like saying to a baseball player, Gee, were deciding to play pro football, says Edward E. Lawler, a professor at USCs Marshall School of Business. All of a sudden, the rules of the game are very different. Otellini has begun to put the pieces in place. Now hell need the teamwork of his people to pull it off.As conclusion, this article established that there was no existing tool which adequately met our requirements for a comprehensive, up-to-date measure, easily completed by all levels of the workforce. Through the review process we were able to identify the cultural dimensions most oftentimes assessed in organisations and deemed important in this extensively researched field. A parallel search of literature on current manufacturing practice highlighted other areas less traditionally examined in culture research, but which we thought relevant in capturing critical aspects of organisational culture in the manufacturing sector.Performancemanagementis a significant tool in businessmanagementtoday. Management activity of this type makes it easier to evaluate the productivity of individual employees as well as entire departments. As a result, the company will function more efficiently, may keep overhead low, and has a better chance of succeeding. There are many benefits ofperformance managementthat have a direct bearing on the day-to-day operation, which in turn makes the overall picture for the company much brighter.Inside the company of The New York Times, there have a lot of job design and performance management that occur and be built by the employer to their employees. Many advantages can we get by doing the implementation of job design and performance management. Through the implementation of performance management, the employer can get the result for what actually their employees doing in managing their work. The use of specific metrics in a performance management program allows employer to make decisions regarding performance breakdowns. Initially, it allows employer to pinpoint problems and take the proper corrective actions to immediately rectify them. For example, as our research in year 2003, according to the journal of The New York Times, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. , the current proprietor, faced what seemed to be a publishers ultimate test after a loosely manage young reporter named Jayson Blair was found to have fabricated dozens of stories. The crisis was emerged between the employer and its employees after the employer getting know about their employees attitude.The employer can strictly vilification for whom employees that making a wrong attitude and breaking the rules of their job ethics. The effects of these crisis has causes the companys performance lagging. The companies had difficult moments eventual through allegations received due to errors employees. However, it can be improved by making implementation of performance management. Performance management allows employer to make decision and focus th eir feedback on issues or crisis directly related to the achievement of the individual employees goals and objectives.Any other issues or crisis distracting the employee that dont contribute to the unit or departments performance can be quickly and effectively handled and eliminated. One of the examples of performance management that can be found in the journal of The New York Times is where Keller has made so many high-level personnel changes whereby two-thirds of all newsroom workers now report to a new boss. Other than that, Keller has also put into practice a attract of reforms suggested by several internal committees formed in the wake of the Blair affair.Meaning to say, these include the appointment of a standards editor and a public editor, or ombudsman. afterwards making this system, the company performances was increase and improved and at the same time the whole of operation managements can be run smoothly. According to journal, The Times affix its gains despite boostin g the price of a subscription by more than 20% on average. As a conclusion, a good performance management system works towards the improvement of the overall organizational performance by managing the performance of teams and individuals.That is for ensuring the achievement of the overall organizational ambitions and goals. The Times can built more an effective performance management system that can play a very crucial role in managing the performance in an organization such as ensuring the employees understand the importance of their contribution to the organizational goals and objectives. Other than that, by ensuring each employee understands what is expected from them and equally as pertaining whether the employee possess the required skills and support for fulfilling such expectations.Ensuring proper aligning or linking of objectives and facilitating effective communication throughout the organization and facilitating a cordial and a harmonious relationship between an individual employee and also the line employer based on trust and empowerment. 2. 4 The Effects of Job Rotation Practices on Motivation A Research on Managers in the Automotive Organizations This article is about the use of data envelopment analysis (DEA) to calculate and analyze the level of technical, allocate and cost efficiencies of Australian infirmary food service operations.As we know, every provision of food to the patients is the responsibility of each individual infirmary. To prepare the food their must cooked and plated and serve it in hot condition, that can we call as a cook-serve system. Therefore this system required substantial labor input and always created tension arising because of the necessity of working tight schedules and need to achieve high quality standards. In 1970, the new system of foodservice was introduced which is the introduction of the hybrid and cook-chill system.These new system require large initial capital investment. There has been an essential expansion in the use of cook-chill systems throughout the different states because of the technology changes. However, the last health service report published that inefficiency is still a problem with most hospital foodservice operation because of the underutilization of production capacity. Actually, this is the on how performance management taking place to overcome this problem. There are a lot of the significant of making implementation of performance management.The primary reason to make sure performance management processes are functioning properly is to tighten the link between strategic organizational objectives and day-to-day actions. Effective goal setting (including timelines), combined with a method to track progress and identify obstacles, contributes to success and bottom line result. Frequently tracking progress against performance goals and objectives also provides the opportunity to recognize and reward employees for performance and exceptional effort, contributing to job sa tisfaction and productivity.Employees want to feel successful, to do well at their job and feel there are making a valuable contribution. In order to ensure this happens, employees need a clear understanding of individual goals and how they fit into the larger organization. New technology-based solutions offered can provide goal visibility across entire organizations, offer extensive reporting option and can reduce paperwork by as much as 90%. Clear visibility, regular individual analysis and company-wide employee appraisals help identify corporate competencies and skill gaps.With this valuable data, organizational can identify training and development plans. Performance management best practices result in a wide range of the advantages for employees, employer and whole organizational. In a nutshell, the performance management inside every organizational is one of the essential tool to gain a goal and objectives of organizations. Therefore, the organization like hospital can conside red more about their performance management to overcome their problem. At the same times gain successful services to their patient. 2. ARTICLE JOURNAL THE in store(predicate) OF THE NEW YORK TIMES BUSINESSWEEK Human Resource is the most important resource compared with other resources like machine, material, land, etc. In the organizational context, the effectiveness of human resource depends on designing the job according to human capability and characteristics. Job design is the most important function of Human Resource Management. It indicates that, designing of contents, methods, functions of a job. The performance of an employee is that, how well an employee performs his or her task duties and responsibilities.Employees performance is also crucial. Because the achievement of goals and objectives of the organization is assessed by performance of its resources, employees performance should be assessed and maintained periodically. At work, in a human-focussed approach, the human oriented process designs have shown its importance as much as the technical issues, from a productivity aspect. Several human-focussed applications such as increasing motivation at work, improving workers physical working conditions, obtaining job security, and increasing job satisfaction, increasing quality nd productivity, decreasing costs to become competitive are increasing its importance by the day.Within the natural development process of work, maybe human-centred problems exceed technical problems and even the cost of investment in personal has gone beyond the point of technical investment. Job analysis, training, performance measurement, re-organisation projects, re-engineering studies and especially applications related to job design which support this approach have an important place among human resources applications.Job design related applications began to take shape with a scientific management approach in the 1900s. Models related to job design able to be classified a s job rotation, job enlargement, job enrichment, job engineering, quality of work life, social information processing approach and job characteristics approach, have extremely important effects on increasing the productivity of human resources. It is predicted that job satisfaction and productivity will be highest when both job enlargement and job enrichment are jointly applied to redesigning work systemsFrom a conceptual perspective, job design is defined as determining the specific job content, the methods used at work and the relationships between jobs to correspond the firms technological and organisational, and the employees social and personal expectations. In pact with this definition, it is stated that a well-designed and defined job increase employees job satisfaction, increases motivation, decreases workplace-related stress, encourage learning efforts and is therefore have a positive effect on employees performance.There are many studies published in related literature in vestigating the relationship between job design and employees motivation. The common points of these studies is that the application of job design has a positive effect on the specifics of job performance, like motivation, flexibility, job satisfaction, self-control, and skill development. The relevant studies are shown in Table below.